Analysis Of The Obstacles To Chinese Corporate Governance Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2116 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Question ¼Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡What obstacles face the further improvement of corporate governance practices in Chinas large companies? Introduction With the popularity of the globalisation and increase of international transaction, China is trying its best to adopt the trend of this development. Since the economic reform in 19**, China has changed its model of company governance step by step, all with the purpose of raising the standard of Chinese peoples living. The reform of Chinas socialist market economy stimulates the transform from state-owned enterprises to corporatise to shareholding companies. Chinas efforts to re-establish a market-oriented economy mainly expresses in the aspects of the transform of the ownership of companies, rule-based approach to its securities market and laws and regulations of corporate governance. (CL 1) Corporate Governance is commonly viewed as a system that delineates the rights and responsibilities of each major group of s takeholders in company, and sets rules and procedures for making decisions about company affairs (OECD, 1998). Overall, Chinese definition of corporate governance is described in 1999, as the structure through which the objectives of the company are set, and the means of attaining those objectives and monitoring performance are determined (OECD 1999, P2) Although with these great progress in the reform of the economic system and the structure of corporate governance of China, these are still some problems hinder the economic development. As accepted, the most effective solution for adopting the modern economic development is improving the structure of corporate governance to suite the new re-established market-oriented economy. (CL 1) This essay aims at assessing the obstacles existing in the further improvement of corporate governance practices. In order to analyze this convincingly, at first this essay gives a general background knowledge about the present structure of co rporate governance in China. In this section it introduces the modern characteristics and governance model. It then assesses the obvious and crucial problems in China which hinder the development of further improvement of corporate governance practices. It mainly talks about the issues in eight aspects:ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦.. Finally, this paper gives out some prevalent perspective of how to conquer the barrier holding in the modern society, with relevant to the current form of economic development. Background knowledge about the CG A good model of CG should provide proper motivation for the board and management to pursue their goals that are in the profits of the corporate and shareholders, furthermore, stimulating effective supervising, with the result that encouraging firms to use resources more efficiently. (OECD 1999, P2) Principles and Modern model The main principle existing behind co rporate governance is that companies ought not to only aim on its own profits; they also ought to share their interests with their investors as well. That means all the stakeholders should have the right to be allocated with the interests. (http) On the base of this element principle, some specific standards and regulations are still needed in the firms. (http) With the main principle described above, it could be concluded that the corporate governance could be understood in two terms: a structure to direct a company and a method to coordinate the interests of managers and shareholders and reduce the costs. (TRACK 4) Generally in the international world, there are mainly two models of corporate governance in practice. One is shareholder value model and the other one is the codetermination model. The former one, also called a market-oriented model, has the main characteristic that selling shares directly to decentralized distribution of shares, with an active market for hostile takeovers. (T 5) Its main purpose is to increase the value of corporate for the benefits of shareholders. The latter one, with few hostile takeovers, prefers a network-oriented approach. It takes the measures of improving loyalty and motivation of employees, which has a name of participation theory. The main difference between the two models is that the former one takes its measure of cost advantage and radical innovation to direct firms to win in competition, whereby the latter one aims on the method of improving quality and innovation. (T 5) A Chinese corporate governance system Chinese corporate governance system has combination characteristics of the two models. However the most significant feature of it is that state plays a controlling role in the method of direct or indirect ownership to manipulate the company. It is usually expressed in the form of private shareholders or stakeholders and creditors to control the enterprise. China has the three main models of corpo rate governance structures. (Chen and Strange, 2004) (T 11) The first model is the most common one. Its non-tradable shares are hold by solely state-owned institutional investors and other institutional investors at the same time. They take this method to apply their indirect control of the firm. (T 11) However, in the second model, the state masters the enterprises directly through the way of holding controlling voting shares. In other words, the governmental departments have direct ownership of non-tradable shares. (T 11) According to the third model, it is a characteristic of an assemblage of various other shareholders, which contain private shareholders, enterprises with foreign investors and Collectively Owned Enterprises (COEs). (T 11) The Current corporate governance practices in China Current Legal Framework Maximizing the shareholder value and productivity of companies are the main purpose of corporate governance. Since in 1992 the first China Securities Regulat ory Commission (CSRC) was established, more and more laws, regulations and directives (more than 300) relating to securities and futures market have been promulgated to maintain the economic order. (USC 2) The Chinese legal framework for corporate governance contains the laws of Company Law, the Securities Law and the Code of Corporate Governance for Listed Companies. (USC 2) It is in 1993 that the first legislative force, the Company Law, come into force. After that, the Company Law was revised in 2005, and then came into force in 2006, with the goal of expanding the legislation. (Directing 2) The Securities Law as well as the Company Law affects the structure of corporate governance in its own way. (D 2) The Code of Corporate Governance by CSRC sets out the most important assessment standard of evaluating whether it is good corporate governance inside a listed enterprise, with the aim to have a more efficiently running economic market. (D 2) Recent development Rights of shar eholders and rules for shareholders meeting Since China has established its Securities Regulatory Commission in 1992, it has made essential and abundant progress of corporate governance in many areas. Among all, the significant one is the adjustment of the rights of shareholders and rules for shareholders meeting. It stipulates in Chapter 1 of the Code of Corporate Governance that all shareholders enjoy equal rights and burden the equivalent responsibilities based on the shares they hold. Furthermore, they have the right to prevent their right from encroaching by the way of applying for law. As the rules for shareholders meetings, there are stated two forms of meeting: general one and interim one. It also has been described in the Code that Every shareholder has the right to attend the meetings in person at present, however if he would like, he could assign a representative on their behalf. Both patterns should have the same legal effect, as stated in the Code. (USC 3) regulat ion about the directors and board of directors The progresses also are expressed in the aspects of establishing the relevant regulation about the directors and board of directors. As Chapter 3 of the Code states, it stipulates the issues about directors and board of directors in six areas. It contains election procedures, duties and responsibilities, composition of the board, rules, independent directors and specialized committees. (USC 4) According to Chapter 5, for encouraging the employees more effectively, it states some rules about performance assessments and incentive and disciplinary systems. It talks about the issue with the main principle of fair and transparent standards objecting to the directors, supervisors and management personnel. (USC 5) Fiduciary Duties Another impressive expression of the progress is about the aspect of fiduciary duties. The Company Law requires protecting the companys interests by the directors, supervisors and managers in the way of appl ying their official duties. In other words, they are not allowed to exploit their positions and power within the enterprise. (USC 4) Whats more, it also forbids its employees from engaging personally work, which is the same with the one he operates in the company, in relevant business. (USC 4) On the other hand, the Securities Law has some regulations about insider information and related party transactions. As Doe and Chan concluded in 2001, persons, who hold the insider information relating to securities trading, are forbidden to use the relevant information to do the securities trading activities. (USC 6) Information Disclosure and Transparency Last but not least, the part about information disclosure and transparency is an attracting progress as well. It is the CSRC that established the basic framework for information disclosure in Chinas securities markets. As Liu and Zhang described in 1996, the frame could be separated into four levels, which involves securities trading legislation, implementing securities legislation, content, form, and criterion of it and the interpretation and explanation of the specific provisions. (USC 5) Whats more, for matching this aim of information disclosure, the Securities Law has some regulations about the right of auditors. It states that auditors have the right to review the companys financial statements and records and to request relevant information for the purpose of guarantee the effectively running of the company. (USC 7) The obstacles Highly concentrated Ownership Structure States over control Government assigning persons (Insider control of corporate affair) Weak protection of the Shareholders right Issues about directors and board of directors Executive of the directors Independent directors and committees Assessment and incentive system Weak Supervisory Board Insider Trading and control Insider information trading Collusions in Market manipulations Horizontal compet ition Information Disclosure The part of information disclosure is such important with so many reasons. Firstly, it is necessary for the government and public to get the knowledge about the governance of the company to set a practical policy and supervise their deed in the modern world. (ÃÆ' ¤Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¸Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ­ÃƒÆ' ¦-à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡2) Secondly ¼Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢the public could get more information about the company through the information disclosure companies provided. This could improve the trust to the company from the public and help the company establish a good corporate image. Furthermore, a good policy of information disclosure will provide a general management strategy and profit running of the company to a potential investor, therefore, it could help the company to get a low-cost financing, which of course improve its competitiveness. (ÃÆ' ¤Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¸Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ­ÃƒÆ' ¦-à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡ 2) (ÃÆ' ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¹ÃƒÆ' ¥Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢) ¼Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡ In the modern corporate governance system, the main obstacles that exist in the part of information disclosure are lack of timeliness, lack of integrity and falsification of financial data. In many cases, the most typical expression of the drawbacks is without providing information timely and accurate. As widely accepted, timeliness is vital dimension of the effects of information disclosure. Only the timely and accurate information could provide the value knowledge to the public and relevant parties. But in the current society of China, it rarely provides the useful information timely. Further speaking, the present information disclosure policy in China is far from sufficiency. On the one hand, despite the mandatory disclosure of company information is designed according to laws, regulations and industry standards, companies rarely adopt the requirement. On the other hand, the autonomic requirements of disclosure that from ethics and values are always be en ignored. Furthermore, the information that most enterprises disclosed is far to satisfy the relevant party to get the whole running situation of the enterprises. Another obstacle is that although Chinese laws on corporate governance follow international standards in general in its documents, mandatory disclosure of company information does not lead to a greater transparency. Because no one could guarantee the information provided is with truthfulness and accuracy. One of the persuadable evidences is that as reported in China Reform Daily 2001, approximately 98.7% of Chinese companies falsified their earnings in annual reports for the past accounting year. Solution Suggestion: China should draw lessons from many existing examples, such as the major directing rules of CSRC 2002, the major Sarbanes-Oxley Act (2002) rules and the NYSE (2003) requirements. The first one gives the rules that regulating an ongoing responsibility of listed companies and recommend the secretary o f the board of directors shall be in charge of information disclosure. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act states that each annual and quarterly financial reportÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦shall disclose all material off-balance sheet transactions and directors, officers and owners of 10% or more must report designated transactions by the end of the second business day following the day which the transaction was executed. As well as the NYSE requires each listed enterprises to adopt and disclose corporate governance guidelines, and to adopt and disclose a code of business conduct and ethics for directors, officers, and employees, and to promptly disclose any waivers of the code for directors or executive officers at the same time. Conclusion Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Analysis Of The Obstacles To Chinese Corporate Governance Finance Essay" essay for you Create order

Case Study - 1535 Words

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Human Perceptions Free Essays

As Human beings we are blessed to have five senses. These senses are sight, smell, touch, taste, and hearing. These senses make â€Å"normal† life manageable for us. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Perceptions or any similar topic only for you Order Now All five are equally as important as the next. However it is not impossible to live without one or two of them. Sometimes losing one our senses can enhance the rest. Human beings thrive on their ability to detect what is happening around them and make sense of the changes. Essentially, a human being cannot be able to do without the ability to sense and get the meaning behind the senses. Sensory properties are perceived when our sensory organism interacts with stimuli in the world around us. There are several senses which are fundamental in the human well being. These senses include vision, gestation, olfaction, touch, audition and multimodal perception. For humans, experience, of the world is generally stable, and the ability to perceive it is easily taken for granted. Objects have positions, shapes and colors that seem to be perceived instantly, and we can reach for them or move to where they are, without any apparent effort. It is worth oting that sensory perceptions inform the thinking process. Essentially, thinking is a process which entails and interplays of many facets. Furthermore, what is thought about proceeds from what has been acquired through the senses. Hence, faulty perceptions influence the quality of the thinking process. There are three reasons to believe that our senses are fallible. Seeing should not always be believing. Once we realize that our s enses can be fooled, then we can begin to adjust to surface appearance and personal distortions. Sometimes our senses can be deceived. Our senses do not always deliver accurate data to our brain. Our senses do not operate effectively when we are sick, drowsy, or tired. Our sensual perceptions, such as sight, can deceive our brain in three major ways. It can be limited biologically, we see the superficial; corralled by custom, we see the habitual; and blinded by language, we see the general. Our five senses are generally part of nature and as we get older, wiser, and mature we tend to nurture our senses to perceive things better. We are born with vision, smelling, hearing, taste, and touch. These are innate sensory perceptions. A child does not know the smell of smoke or certain food items being cooked. As they get more mature, their senses become stronger and by nurturing these senses they can distinguish the different smells. In conclusion, our five senses are innate and part of nature. As a child, our senses are immature and as we get older our senses improve. We continually return to our senses to refresh the data, to seek new data, and to use specific instruments to justify and sharpen our senses so that we don’t perceive fallible information. Citations: Kirby, G. R. , Goodpaster, J. R. (2007). Thinking. Prentice Hall. Chapter 3 Advances in Consumer Research – North American Conference Proceedings; 2009, Vol. 36, p127-130, 4p Kirby, G. R. , Goodpaster, J. R. (2007). Thinking. Prentice Hall. Patterson, J. , Owen, C. , Frank, D. , Smith, R. , Cadusch, P. (2004, May). Flavour sensory qualities and consumer perceptions – a comparison of sensory and brain activity responses to flavour components in different populations. International Journal of Food Science Technology, 39(5), 481-490. How to cite Human Perceptions, Essay examples

Jane Eyre Essay Thesis Example For Students

Jane Eyre Essay Thesis Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre can be viewed in many different ways, but most of all, it is a romantic novel Some, however, dont see it this way. The beginning stages of the love relationship between Jane and Mr. Rochesters are a bit unusual. Some may say Mr. Rochester treats Jane unfairly. Its not until later on in the story when Jane meets another man, that she realizes her true love for Mr. Rochester. This is what makes a romantic novel. There are two stages or parts to the relationship between Jane and Mr. Rochester. The first stage begins when they first meet in chapter 10 and continues until Janes departure in Chapter 27. This stage of their relationship is best described as dishonest and somewhat peculiar. When Jane and Rochester first meet, (p.129), she is unaware that the rider, who has just fallen off of his horse, is Mr. Rochester, her trip to the post office is interrupted when a horse slips on some ice and throws the rider off. Jane goes to offer help to this stranger. After refusing to let Jane go for help, the rider starts asking her questions about the owner of Thornfield. Rochester acts somewhat startled when Jane admits shes never actually seen the owner. Not only is this first encounter extremely strange because he forgets to mention the fact that he is Mr. Rochester, but he acts startled when she admits that shes never met her employer, the infamous Mr. Rochester. Throughout the whole first part of Jane and Rochesters relationship, we constantly see Rochester testing Jane in all different ways. In chapter 14, he blatantly asks Jane if she thinks he is a handsome man. (When people ask such questions, its either a joke to see what someone will say, or the person is just extremely conceited which Rochester doesnt show at any other time). The first time we see the connection between Rochester and Jane is when they have the conversation about Celine Varens. This is where Rochester completely opens up to Jane about his feelings for Celine and how she broke his heart. Rochesters biggest trick was when he dressed up as a gypsy and demanded to read the fortunes of all of the young women of the house. When it Janes turn came, the gypsy hounded her with questions about her feelings towards Rochester. Jane cautiously answered, remembering that the gypsy mentioned being a friend of Grace Poole. Shortly after, Rochester reveals his true identity and begins to boast about how well he tricked everyone. While he thinks he did this wonderful job on portraying a gypsy, Jane, as well as most of the readers, see this as a rather childish act that was very cruel. No one likes to be tricked. Shortly into Janes stay at Thornfield, we meet a new woman in Rochesters life, Blanche Ingram. Blanche is an extremely snobby, upper class woman who isnt really fond of Jane. One of her many rude acts was purposely having a conversation in front of Jane about how useless governess are. Eventually, there are rumors saying that Rochester will marry Blanche Ingram. Rochester speaks about a Mrs. Rochester many times, but is very careful not to mention any names. One example of this is when Mr. Rochester says, you must see the carriage, Jane, and tell me if you dont think it will suit Mrs. Rochester exactly While the readers and Jane think this is his way of rubbing it in her face, what hes really doing is trying to see what Janes reaction will be. This is a romantic gesture. .u9d9d969d98a91f3f31cfd9174a7e6cab , .u9d9d969d98a91f3f31cfd9174a7e6cab .postImageUrl , .u9d9d969d98a91f3f31cfd9174a7e6cab .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9d9d969d98a91f3f31cfd9174a7e6cab , .u9d9d969d98a91f3f31cfd9174a7e6cab:hover , .u9d9d969d98a91f3f31cfd9174a7e6cab:visited , .u9d9d969d98a91f3f31cfd9174a7e6cab:active { border:0!important; } .u9d9d969d98a91f3f31cfd9174a7e6cab .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9d9d969d98a91f3f31cfd9174a7e6cab { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9d9d969d98a91f3f31cfd9174a7e6cab:active , .u9d9d969d98a91f3f31cfd9174a7e6cab:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9d9d969d98a91f3f31cfd9174a7e6cab .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9d9d969d98a91f3f31cfd9174a7e6cab .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9d9d969d98a91f3f31cfd9174a7e6cab .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9d9d969d98a91f3f31cfd9174a7e6cab .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9d9d969d98a91f3f31cfd9174a7e6cab:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9d9d969d98a91f3f31cfd9174a7e6cab .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9d9d969d98a91f3f31cfd9174a7e6cab .u9d9d969d98a91f3f31cfd9174a7e6cab-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9d9d969d98a91f3f31cfd9174a7e6cab:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Lake EssayIt is not until Chapter 23 when Mr. Rochester finally confesses his love for Jane. This comes after yet another one of his tests/tricks. He finds Jane to tell her that he has found her another job as a governess in Ireland. After hearing this, Jane breaks down and sobs, saying, I grieve to leave Thornfield: I love Thornfield (p.283) This can be seen as his final test to make sure that Jane truly loves him. He goes on to tell Jane that he never really liked Blanche Ingram. He even tested her by spreading a rumor that he wasnt as wealthy as he appeared to be. After hearing that, Blanches interest in him decreased a lot. Jane then admits that shes been in love with Rochester all along and they romantically embrace each other for the first time. She calling out, Dear Edward! and he saying, my little wife.Everything seems perfect until the wedding day, when we see the most dishonest thing of all. Right in the middle of the ceremony, we are told that Rochester is already married. All along, hes had a crazy wife locked upstairs on the third floor. The fact that he hid it from Jane from the beginning and agreed only to tell her about Grace Poole a year after they were married is probably the most dishonest thing he could have done. After thinking it through, Jane decides to leave Thornfield. This is the format of the traditional romance novel. Boy gets girl, boy loses girl. Soon after leaving Thornfield, Jane meets St. John, a man who welcomes her into his home with open arms. The relationship between St. John and Jane begins as a harmless one. Jane discovers that St. John truly loves Rosamond Oliver, but wont be anymore than friends with her. St. John feels he would better serve God if he became a missionary in India. With this in mind, he proposes a, love-less marriage to Jane. At first Jane considers the proposal, but realizes it would be too much for her and she would go simply as a coworker, not a wife. Jane continues to contemplate whether or not to join him, but her choice is made when she hears a voice that she thinks is Rochesters. After hearing his voice, she knew she still loves Rochester and must go back to him. When Jane goes back to find Rochester, she finds more than she expected. After her departure, there was a terrible fire and Rochester lost one eye, was blinded in another, and had his left hand amputated. The moment they reunited, they started playing games again. Jane offered to be Rochesters nurse, a housekeeper, someone to take care of him. In reality, we all know that she really wants to be his wife. Jane tells him about her stay at the Moor house and about St. John and he shows his first signs of jealousy. He then asked Jane if she would think he was foolish if he still wanted a wife. Hoping this would lead up to something, she chose her words very carefully, replies that her feelings would depend on whom he chose to marry. She says to him, Choose her who loves you best. He replies, I will choose her I love best. (chapter 37) Rochester finally asks Jane to marry him and she gladly accepts. In the romantic style, boy gets girl back. In order to fully understand Jane and Rochesters relationship, you have to see that Jane tried a different lifestyle after being with Rochester. When he betrayed her, she left, and almost married another man. What her time away from Rochester shows us is that she truly loved him and couldnt be with any other man. She made the journey back to him and jumped at the chance to marry him overlooking his handicaps, showing the passion she had for him and the romance of the novel. .u3446ccc135e7aa776571ab20b29f7d96 , .u3446ccc135e7aa776571ab20b29f7d96 .postImageUrl , .u3446ccc135e7aa776571ab20b29f7d96 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3446ccc135e7aa776571ab20b29f7d96 , .u3446ccc135e7aa776571ab20b29f7d96:hover , .u3446ccc135e7aa776571ab20b29f7d96:visited , .u3446ccc135e7aa776571ab20b29f7d96:active { border:0!important; } .u3446ccc135e7aa776571ab20b29f7d96 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3446ccc135e7aa776571ab20b29f7d96 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3446ccc135e7aa776571ab20b29f7d96:active , .u3446ccc135e7aa776571ab20b29f7d96:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3446ccc135e7aa776571ab20b29f7d96 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3446ccc135e7aa776571ab20b29f7d96 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3446ccc135e7aa776571ab20b29f7d96 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3446ccc135e7aa776571ab20b29f7d96 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3446ccc135e7aa776571ab20b29f7d96:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3446ccc135e7aa776571ab20b29f7d96 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3446ccc135e7aa776571ab20b29f7d96 .u3446ccc135e7aa776571ab20b29f7d96-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3446ccc135e7aa776571ab20b29f7d96:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Robinson Crusoe And Friday EssayJane Eyre can be seen as a romantic novel because the romantic relationship between Jane and Mr. Rochester changes throughout the book. Although it is based on dishonesty and tricky in the beginning, they work their way through this to arrive at their true feelings and romantically live happily ever after.

Fundamentals Of Basketball Defense Essays - Ball Games, Team Sports

Fundamentals Of Basketball Defense No sport moves more quickly or requires as many skills as basketball. Basketball is the most electrifying and most innovative game known to man. The primary objective of the game is to score more points than the opposition by putting a round ball through a circular band, called a rim. On defense, a blocked shot or a steal can lead to a fast break at the other end of the court. On offense, one quick move can result in an easy basket. Good dribbling and passing skill can set up wide-open shots for teammates. But long before players can be become part of the excitement on the court, they must first lean and study the basics. This takes a great deal of practice and attention to detail. The basic skills of dribbling, passing and shooting are essential to the continued improvement of every basketball player at every level. In order for a player or team to become a good offensive player they must have the ball. How do obtain or control the ball you might ask? Learning how to be a solid defe nsive player does this. Consistent winners play good defense, and good defense breeds consistent winning. Fans appreciate and identify with a strong defensive effort, and players respect a strong defensive team. Teams who take pride in, and have patience on defense have far fewer off nights than the team that relies only on offense. Strong team defense builds good team morale. We have seen a good defensive team that wasn't ?together'. Everyone respects a good defensive player especially players. Individual defense can do the following for you: it can give you self-confidence, anyone that wants to pay the price can play good defense. If you are gifted with speed, quickness and basketball sense, you can be a great defensive player. It can build you a reputation of being tough and aggressive. Help you get in the best physical and mental condition. Earn for you the special pride and self-respect you get from playing at both ends. Playing individual defense can also give you the chance to make one of the biggest plays in basketball, drawing the offensive foul. The first myth about playing defense is that you have to have speed and quick feet, which is not true. Defense is played with anticipation, or being aware of what's going on around you, good body balance and basic fundamentals. There are certain fundamentals you have to follow. But anyone can play defense. If you are willing to work and watch what's going on around you, then you can become a solid defensive player. Defense is as much a mental as a physical skill. Rather than play reactive defense a player should be encouraged to be proactive. By emphasizing active elements of defense represented as follows by the acronym ATTACK, proactive defense is encouraged. Each letter of the word stands for a must for us to be our best. A Attitude: It all starts with your attitude. The starting point of all defenses is the determination to become an aggressive, intelligent defensive player. Each player must develop and maintain control of his attitude, especially on defense. T Team: Through teamwork a collective effort of five defensive players is greater than five individual players. T Tools: The three basic tools of defense that is the most important to develop are your mind, body and feet. We play basketball with our mind, body, and feet; and foul with our hands. A Anticipation: Use your basketball sense and judgement. Know when to make your move. Eliminate moves that have little or no chance for success. C Concentration: Be alert and ready to play defense at all times. Make the change from offense to defense quickly. Defense before your opponent has the ball, and it will be much easier. Maintain a basketball position. K Killer Instinct: You must be aggressive on defense. It is essential that you force the opponent to react to you. Do not react to the offensive player. Force that player away from those strengths. Ten Cardinal Rules of Defense 1. Transition (Early recognition ? get the defense set) Quick, organized transition with communication by all five players keys to strong team defense. 2.

Free Essays on Once Le Duel De Hamlet

Commonly known as Shakespeare’s best, Hamlet is one of the most famous plays of all time. From the spine-chilling ghost scenes to the astonishing sword fights, on the edge of the chair, you stay while enjoying Hamlet. Shakespeare’s Hamlet has appeared on film since the year 1900 when Clà ¨ment Maurice directed Le Duel d’ Hamlet a silent picture. Ironically, in this film a woman played Hamlet. The play originally appeared in text between 1958 and 1601, when Shakespeare had put the pen to the paper. Over time, Hamlet has transpired to film a numerous amount of times. Once in 1948 staring Laurence Olivier as Hamlet. This film won four Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Actor. Another version was filmed in 1969 with Nicol Williamson as Hamlet and Anthony Hopkins as the heinous Claudius. The modern Franco Zeffirelli version was produced in 1990 starring Mel Gibson as the honorable Hamlet. A spin off version of Hamlet was also filmed in1990 called Rosenc antz and Guildentern are Dead. In 1992, Hamlet was even animated explaining just the basics of the play. In 1996, Kenneth Branagh directed and starred as Hamlet. Most recently filmed in 2000, a modern version of Hamlet, starring Ethan Hawke. The four versions I was so privileged to study were Zeffirelli, Stoppard, Branagh, and the original text. These four productions appear to be the same play but yet are quite different. The plot of each of these stage shows are base around one story line, on the contrary each version has its own twists and turns though out the dramatic piece. Franco Zeffirelli's film is considerably different from the original text. For instance, he added the funeral scene at the beginning. Zeffirelli also decided to cut most long speeches down, rearrange scenes or parts of scenes and sporadically impart one character's lines to another. He made these changes to build up the action and shorten the plot. As you watch the film, you become aware that th... Free Essays on Once Le Duel De Hamlet Free Essays on Once Le Duel De Hamlet Commonly known as Shakespeare’s best, Hamlet is one of the most famous plays of all time. From the spine-chilling ghost scenes to the astonishing sword fights, on the edge of the chair, you stay while enjoying Hamlet. Shakespeare’s Hamlet has appeared on film since the year 1900 when Clà ¨ment Maurice directed Le Duel d’ Hamlet a silent picture. Ironically, in this film a woman played Hamlet. The play originally appeared in text between 1958 and 1601, when Shakespeare had put the pen to the paper. Over time, Hamlet has transpired to film a numerous amount of times. Once in 1948 staring Laurence Olivier as Hamlet. This film won four Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Actor. Another version was filmed in 1969 with Nicol Williamson as Hamlet and Anthony Hopkins as the heinous Claudius. The modern Franco Zeffirelli version was produced in 1990 starring Mel Gibson as the honorable Hamlet. A spin off version of Hamlet was also filmed in1990 called Rosenc antz and Guildentern are Dead. In 1992, Hamlet was even animated explaining just the basics of the play. In 1996, Kenneth Branagh directed and starred as Hamlet. Most recently filmed in 2000, a modern version of Hamlet, starring Ethan Hawke. The four versions I was so privileged to study were Zeffirelli, Stoppard, Branagh, and the original text. These four productions appear to be the same play but yet are quite different. The plot of each of these stage shows are base around one story line, on the contrary each version has its own twists and turns though out the dramatic piece. Franco Zeffirelli's film is considerably different from the original text. For instance, he added the funeral scene at the beginning. Zeffirelli also decided to cut most long speeches down, rearrange scenes or parts of scenes and sporadically impart one character's lines to another. He made these changes to build up the action and shorten the plot. As you watch the film, you become aware that th...

PAPER 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

PAPER 1 - Essay Example However, one thing to note is that international relations have existed as long as states and that states are sovereign and are guided by informal rules in their relations. The purpose of this paper is to describe an international event of conflict or cooperation that has occurred since 1980, and evaluate it using theoretical approaches to international relations. There are many theories such as realism, liberalism/idealism, constructivism, Marxism and feminism, but the paper will focus on liberalism and Marxism. First, a brief summary of the international event will be given in order to understand how, where and when it occurred and to explain how it can be understood as an international event. Secondly, theories of international relations (liberalism and Marxism) will be used to discuss the reasons why the event occurred. This will give the roles played by the state, non-state actors, multinational corporations, etc. Thirdly, strengths and weaknesses of the two theories in explaini ng the event will be evaluated and a conclusion made about which theory is the most effective in explaining the event. ... Both first world and third world economies were not spared and are still recovering from the effects of the crisis. The crisis began due to an asset bubble bursting. Economists have blamed the event on monetary policy failure and deregulation of financial institutions, but international relations theorists have different versions of the reasons for the crisis. Financial institutions were not mitigating risks but instead making risky investments in form of mortgage backed securities (Davies, 2010). Housing prices had gone up and the government through mortgage lenders Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac was encouraging low income earners to take up mortgages at low interest rates. The financial institutions saw an opportunity to gain and thus gave mortgages even to subprime borrowers. Mortgage brokers sold the mortgage to banks which, in turn, bundled it into products which they securitized. They borrowed money from other banks to buy mortgages and securitize thus high earnings. The interests were later to rise and home owners were unable to pay mortgages, leading to mass repossession of houses and the housing bubble burst (Kolb, 2010). Financial institutions could not lend to borrowers anymore, leading to a credit crunch and slow economic growth. Financial institutions such as Northern Rock, Lehman Brothers and Merrill Lynch collapsed. Other casualties were insurance companies and stock markets due to falling share prices. A $700 bailout was offered by the Bush administration among other measures, but the economy was badly affected (Davis, 2010). Credit tightening and massive bailouts by US, UK and other western countries were a blow to third world countries that rely on foreign aid for development.

Aristotle & Hume Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Aristotle & Hume - Term Paper Example Passion is a feeling which has no boundaries, if aroused naturally and authentically in an individual. Hume understands the concepts and elements of life as he is a deep thinker and has contemplated on life and human psychology in various ways. Here the intention is to comprehend the statement of Hume and interpret it with one of the greatest Greek philosophers the world has seen, Aristotle. The view of Aristotle is distinctive and unique and can be contradictory or resembling to that of Hume. The attempt here is to argumentatively interpret the statement by Hume and convey how Aristotle would converse regarding this issue. Passion being a natural feeling cannot be influenced or affected by other qualities or personality traits of human being. People can analyze the feeling and reciprocate on it in varied ways, but it really depends on the philosophical perspective and reasoning ability of a philosopher. Here the perspective and argumentative stand of Hume and Aristotle would bring a bout more of depth to the thinking ability and philosophical values of both. Arguments Passion is natural and contradictory to reasoning Aristotle, as an intellectual thinker and philosopher, connects virtue to feelings. Passion is an aggressive and intense feeling of human being. Aristotle was of the opinion that with intellectual thinking intellectual virtues like wisdom, reasoning and intellectual skills are connected; on the other hand, moralistic virtues are related to one of the component of soul where feelings reside. If a person holds a pure soul, then he would be morally ideal and realistically passionate. Passion is attached to soul; it is a feeling arising from the inner most depth of a human soul and heart. A person who possesses high intelligence needs not necessarily have a passionate soul or heart. According to Morgan, â€Å"[f]or when the beings are of different kinds, the parts of the soul naturally suited are of different kinds, since the parts possess knowledge b y being somehow similar appropriate† (Morgan 307). It is normally observed that a person with intelligence and a high reasoning ability focuses more on analytical facts and gives importance to brain faculty rather than desire. Here we can understand that Hume’s ideology and Aristotle’s perspective match in a positive manner. Aristotle would totally agree with Hume and would proclaim that passion in no way can be combatted by reasoning. Reasoning is a quality of physical body whereas passion is both spiritual and physical and can surpass reason in all manners. Aristotle would postulate the fact that passion, as a strong feeling, could change a man’s thinking and reasoning ability to a great extent. Aristotle would further suggest that a man who is passionately evoked cannot be tethered by reasoning or intelligence as he is completely surrendered to the soul. A soul is the ultimate powerhouse of a human being, and when enslaved to soul, no intelligence can r ule the mental status of a person. Reason is an egoistic value and passion a natural feeling Aristotle, being a soul lover, would comment to Hume that soul is the universal energy, and nothing in the world which is related to ego can fight with it. Passion is the essence of a soul, and a man, being a soul enriched being, can be overwhelmingly overtaken by passion. Reasoning is a component of soul, but it is not a moralistic virtue even though it is a virtue. Aristotle would continue that all virtues are not idealistic, and

Research Review Report for Services and Relationship Marketing Paper

Review Report for Services and Relationship Marketing - Research Paper Example Relationship marketing refers to the process of identifying and establishing, sustaining, enhancing, and when deemed necessary, ending relationships with customers and other organizational stakeholders at a gain; in doing so, all the parties involved achieve their objectives. In the pursuit of all these, mutual giving and fulfillment of promises becomes a focal point in businesses, thus making relationship marketing a very crucial aspect in the services and relationship marketing management of firms today. Relationship marketing is beneficial to firms because it is an effective way of fostering customer loyalty and re-patronage behavior; consumers who are actively engaged in relational exchanges present with higher levels of satisfaction than those who are in discrete transactions. These higher levels of satisfaction could be attributed to the ease and psychological comfort that consumers will tend to have because of purchasing from a familiar company. In this regard, many companies consider investments in complaint handling a strategic route of increasing customer commitment to the firms and building customer loyalty that lasts as long as both parties are in business. Service firms are prone to mistakes that oftentimes result in regrettable service failures that are potentially harmful to their profitability and market reputation; in this regard, service failures present the firms an opportunity to demonstrate excellent service experience and ensure customer retention. However, the service recovery paradox states that customers are more likely to leave a service failure more satisfied and loyal to their firms than when there is no service failure, so long as their problem is resolved efficiently. This paper presents a critical review of 3 peer-reviewed journal articles with an aim of establishing whether customer loyalty is considered a critical antecedent to the success of post-recovery satisfaction, whether compensation is always necessary in service recover y, and whether the â€Å"service recovery paradox† is influenced by the severity of the service failure. Review After a systematic, intensive, and extensive research review, it has emerged that indeed customer loyalty is a critical precursor to the success of post-recovery satisfaction, compensation is always necessary in service recovery, and the severity of the service failure influences the â€Å"service recovery paradox† accordingly. According to Tax, Brown, and Chandrashekaran (1998), recovering effectively from service failures contributes remarkably to customer evaluations of firms. Firms that engage in effective complaint handling strategies have extremely high customer retention rates, which eventually deflect the impact of bad publicity from damaging word of mouth, thereby achieving increased outcomes in terms of increased returns on investment, among other positive outcomes. A case study in the article recorded $11 million of additional revenue in a fiscal y ear, apart from the highest customer retention rate in the industry, after having implemented a service guarantee that was part of an initiative to ensure customer problems are dealt with effectively (Tax, Brown, & Chandrashekaran, 1998). Effective resolution of customer problems and relationship marketing lead to customer satisfaction, enhanced trust, and commitment; complaint handling strategies particularly in managing customer relationships in service businesses are very crucial in today’

The Main Critiques Of Liberal Democratic Model

The Main Critiques Of Liberal Democratic Model One of the most important political ideologies used in the modern era especially by the Western countries is liberal democracy. A liberal democratic state involves of the goals of both liberalism and democracy. This essay will talk about the critiques of liberal democracy explaining the four criteria of liberal democracy and why it works or does not work in the context to the case study countries. In a liberal democratic model, it is necessary to have some basic criteria on liberal democracy. The four criteria that will be explored in relation to the case study countries are multiple distinct political parties, separation of power into different branches of government, an idea of equality and lastly secularism. According to Gordon Smith political parties are, the summation of pluralist tradition. This means political parties are very important because of the role they play in society. Pluralists debate that there should be multiple contenders in opposing centres of power as the power should not rest in one group rather be divided and diffused (Schwarzmantel, 1994:51). Political parties represent the public interests. Likewise, multi- party system creates diversity and competition in turn parties makes efforts and try out to reach to a larger group of people making their policies relevant. It emphasises different groups of interests within the liberal democratic state which prevents any one group from dominating. As each human being have different perspective of looking at the world, similarly each party might have a different interpretation on a policy because of the different ideals and values. The main aim of political parties is to capture state power. This pluralist view applies to a co untry like Russia where they have multi-party system. It is practically accurate to argue that at the national level Russia has attained at least a semi-pluralistic political system, with number of national parties and the strong influence of business interests. On the other hand Elite theory rejects the pluralist theory that power can be diffused and can be divided and spread among different groups of society. Elite theory argues that the power rests in the hands of few, who are wealthy. They assert that the average person cannot be heard because the power is usually concentrated in a few at the top. Democratic elite theorists argued that the decrease in internal party democracy and meeting process did not matter much, so long as competition between parties still give voters the final power. Elite theory says that two-party or multi-party system is usually dominated by an elite. For example in a country like USA elite theory works more than the pluralist theory. United States has two parties unlike the other countries that have multi-party system. In a multi-party system, political parties usually have specialised agenda which in turn represents their interests like environment, labor or business. But in America with a more generalised syst em, the two parties have to please a wider range of people to be elected. Consequently, both parties act neither too liberal nor too conservative. Many people agree that United States has a two-party system but there have been few cases where third party candidate won an election. Third party candidates have to struggle to get elected. The last time when the country saw a third party presented elected was in 1860 when Abraham Lincoln became President. In the view of elite theory they agree with the two-party system in United States as campaigns costs a fortune in this country. In their view the wealth buys the political power by recruiting capable individuals to serve the interests of the ruling class, and by financing the campaigns of politicians and the operation of political parties'(Module guide).Political parties are important for keeping the check and balance of power through peaceful means and are thus important in a liberal democracy. Without having any form of competition t hen from an elitist, then there would be only one outcome and that is whatever the elite considers the best then that will be the decision. In a country to be liberal democratic state power should be divided among different groups so that state cannot rule the masses on their own and the power is distributed among different factions of government. Pluralism critique of the state suggests a solution to how democracies can be realised in large and complex societies and how to achieve popular power and at the same time limit the power of the state. Pluralism is strictly against the totalitarian government. A pluralist society is on in which the decisions are taken by associations of citizens, acting independently of state. They assume state as a neutral actor which helps control conflicts and negotiations among groups. As all groups do not have equal resources or influence as some of the other groups in society, state does not favour any of the group rather remain neutral. Pluralism prefers a federal system of government in which power is divided among executive, legislature and judiciary. So that there is checks and balanc es and no one can misuse the power. Madison advocated a simple logic stating that, grant independent power to the different branches of government, and each member of that branch will have a personal interest in maintaining that power and preventing the other branches from carrying out their repressive designs. It means if the power is distributed among different bodies in the government, no person will be able to impose his or her will. Pluralist theory can apply to a country like France where there is a federal system of government although the executive is body is slightly stronger than that of legislature. However all the power does not rest with the executive, power also lies within the two remaining branches of government, the legislative, and the judiciary. The second critique which describes the state is elite theory. In their view, the separation of power is unimportant within the state because in the end unified elite hold the power. They assert that the elites will always hold power in the society in different forms and their nature will directly determine the properties of society in which they live. The post- war elite theory critique C. Wright Mills argued that important decisions made in United States policy making were most of the times made by unelected power elite. For example, Unites States has a federal system of government in which power is evenly distributed among the 3 bodies of government , namely legislature, executive and judiciary but there certain cases where there are power elite makes the decisions. For instance the head of a big American business corporation or even the President or his appointed staff. On the contrary, Marxist theory argues that economy is the most important element in the society and that the s ociety should grow towards a classless structure with an equal distribution of power. Each citizen should be treated equally irrespective of gender, cast and religion to live in peace. Thus, idea of equality should be present in every country which makes it an important aspect of a liberal democratic country. Marxist Theory can best explain that why there is inequality among countries. Marxists states that unequal distribution of wealth is caused by exploitation in production as well as distribution of wealth. Capitalism and notion of private property creates class differences and unequal distribution of power. Private property maximises the gap between rich and poor. For instance if a person owns a property, he gets to exploit people who dont which leads to other people working for the person who owns the property and can provide them with money. This form of organisation develops two classes, the bourgeoisie or ruling class who control and profit from the system and the working class who are much more numerous. In Marxist view wealth should be equally distributed am ong people. Rejecting this theory of Marxism, elite critiques argue that economic or social class forces do not determine what happens in society rather elites do. Italian writer Vilfredo Pareto criticises Marxists for overlooking the control of elite. For example in a country like America and Nigeria there is a huge income gap between rich and poor due to capitalism. The wealth is concentrated in the hands of elites which gives an adverse effect on the welfare of citizens. Utter poverty for a large percentage of the people of Nigeria is because of the mismanagement of the economy and widespread corruption by political elites. Therefore both the theories can be applied in the countries like Nigeria and United States. All the liberal democratic countries should accept that citizens should not be prevented from practicing their religion and the state is no one to interfere with the religious decisions of citizens or their institutions. Marxist sees religion as a feature only of a class-divided society. The theory argues that whichever class controls the economic production also controls the production and distribution of ideas in society via institutions such as church, education system and the media. For example, France has declared herself as a secular country having divided church and state during the French Revolution. However, over 80% of her citizens claim to be Roman Catholics, on the other hand 10% claim to be Muslim (CIA).In spite of being a secular state France does not allow manifestation of religion in public sphere. In 2004, an anti-religious law passed through legislature that banned the wearing of headscarves, turban, skullcaps, or large crosses in the public schools as (Graham, 109) .Therefore looking at this example of France it can be said that the Marxist theory can describe secularism in France as the person who is ruling is passing all the laws which controls all the power in the government and can influence any law in his favour. Moreover this law in the end can lead to divisions in society. Similarly, Pluralism accepts all the religions in the society and rejects the notion that there can be a single belief in religion or culture. That is, pluralism is a simple recognition of the fact that there are many different faith groups active in the country. Pluralist theory works well in the liberal democratic countries as they demonstrate well about secularism. Pluralist theory works well in religious country like United States which is a multi-cultural society consisting of many religious groups such as Christians, Muslims, Hindus.

Rotavirus Essay -- Biology Protein Synthesis

Every year it kills approximately 1 Million children world wide. The invader sneakes in unnoticed, takes over, all the while increasing in number as it goes. These children are falling victim to a rotavirus responsible for severe pediatric diarrhea. This rotavirus takes over in the human digestive tract, invading its cells and hijacking its protein synthesis machinery. This inhibits normal protein production in favor of a virus army. Children affected by this have had no chance of recovery, but now a glimmer of hope is visible on the horizon-a cure, whose secret lies in the virus' unique structure-a tunnel, which, like the fate of the virus, could be sealed. So, what is the Rotavirus actually doing?? Our bodies consist of many, many cells. These cells make up our skin, our bones, our heart, liver, stomachs. Inside of every single cell is a protein synthesis factory containing a protein called eIF4G that produces the proteins that each tissue, organ and everything else needs to be whole and function correctly. When a Rotavirus infects a human being it affects the cells in the digestive tract causing severe diarrhea. Pediatric diarrhea caused by this Rotavirus is directly responsible for the death of 1 million children around the world. This picture illustrates normal protein synthesis (right) with host mRNA and abnormal protein synthesis (left). The poly-A tail and the PABP that are visible in the middle are part of the host machinery. The NSP3 on the far right is what the virus has in place of PABP.Reproduced with permission from Varani and Allain (2002) Nature Structural Biology, 9,158. During normal protein synthesis, the cell's machinery makes proteins using a template of its own DNA. This copy is known ... ...racts the viral NSP3 protein much like opposite poles of two magnets. Then... What's next?? The tunnel that was discovered as part of the NSP3 protein structure is the key to finding a cure for the virus that causes pediatric diarrhea. The viral protein functions by attracting the host mRNA into its tunnel much like a key would fit into a lock. If the lock is blocked the key cannot fit and the virus cannot replicate. This "blocker" is called an inhibitor. Inhibitors are used in modern day medicine to treat many illnesses by preventing the function of the invaders. Now that the structure has been discovered, the next step is to create a medication that will plug up the lock (viral NSP3's tunnel) and prevent the key (viral mRNA) from entering. This would effectively prevent viral takeover and putting a halt to suffering caused by pediatric diarrhea. Rotavirus Essay -- Biology Protein Synthesis Every year it kills approximately 1 Million children world wide. The invader sneakes in unnoticed, takes over, all the while increasing in number as it goes. These children are falling victim to a rotavirus responsible for severe pediatric diarrhea. This rotavirus takes over in the human digestive tract, invading its cells and hijacking its protein synthesis machinery. This inhibits normal protein production in favor of a virus army. Children affected by this have had no chance of recovery, but now a glimmer of hope is visible on the horizon-a cure, whose secret lies in the virus' unique structure-a tunnel, which, like the fate of the virus, could be sealed. So, what is the Rotavirus actually doing?? Our bodies consist of many, many cells. These cells make up our skin, our bones, our heart, liver, stomachs. Inside of every single cell is a protein synthesis factory containing a protein called eIF4G that produces the proteins that each tissue, organ and everything else needs to be whole and function correctly. When a Rotavirus infects a human being it affects the cells in the digestive tract causing severe diarrhea. Pediatric diarrhea caused by this Rotavirus is directly responsible for the death of 1 million children around the world. This picture illustrates normal protein synthesis (right) with host mRNA and abnormal protein synthesis (left). The poly-A tail and the PABP that are visible in the middle are part of the host machinery. The NSP3 on the far right is what the virus has in place of PABP.Reproduced with permission from Varani and Allain (2002) Nature Structural Biology, 9,158. During normal protein synthesis, the cell's machinery makes proteins using a template of its own DNA. This copy is known ... ...racts the viral NSP3 protein much like opposite poles of two magnets. Then... What's next?? The tunnel that was discovered as part of the NSP3 protein structure is the key to finding a cure for the virus that causes pediatric diarrhea. The viral protein functions by attracting the host mRNA into its tunnel much like a key would fit into a lock. If the lock is blocked the key cannot fit and the virus cannot replicate. This "blocker" is called an inhibitor. Inhibitors are used in modern day medicine to treat many illnesses by preventing the function of the invaders. Now that the structure has been discovered, the next step is to create a medication that will plug up the lock (viral NSP3's tunnel) and prevent the key (viral mRNA) from entering. This would effectively prevent viral takeover and putting a halt to suffering caused by pediatric diarrhea.

Reparations: African Americans Justice Essay

The United States government should pay reparations to African Americans as a means of admitting their wrong-doing and making amends. The damages African Americans have sustained from White America’s policy of slavery have been agonizing and inhumane. Therefore, I am in favor of reparations for African Americans. The effect of slavery has been an enduring issue within the African American community. Many of us are cognizant of the harm racism brought to the African American race, conveyed through slavery, racial segregation and discrimination. African Americans suffered many atrocities, but the greatest damage done to them was the destruction of they’re original identity. African Americans no longer have a native language or any African customs to connect them to Africa. Today, African Americans are connected together because they all share a common foundation-the horrendous experience of slavery-and the great effort to conquer its lingering result. (www. AcedemicLibrary. com) Americans should realize the magnitude of slavery’s consequences on African Americans as a whole. Blacks were brainwashed and stripped of self-esteem and taught to be ashamed of dark color of their skin. Many African Americans have effortlessly tried to advocate â€Å"Black Pride†, trying to re-instill self-worth and being proud of our distinct facial and body features, and darker complexions. African Americans had zilch to begin with after the abolishment of slavery in 1865. Slaves were promised a â€Å"mule/ and 40 acres† and they didn’t live to receive it nor did generations to follow; because the American government has yet to live up to its word. The fruit of the slaves’ labor was stolen from the â€Å"land of the free†. The victims of the White people’s African slave trade never experienced such freedom. This race deserves compensation for the mistreatment Pongee Bryant it has suffered and continues to endure. Paying reparations to the descendants of African American slaves would bring about a tremendous improvement for the advancement of Black America. (Douglass, Fredrick, 1845, Narrative of the life of Fredrick Douglass). White Americans have profited from education, life experiences, riches that were handed down by their ancestors. As well, African Americans have been handed down the hardship of race-related issues, poverty, and the unknown history of their past. African Americans have constantly been inflicted with the social status of their low-income level in contrast with that of White Americans. America should be ashamed for their mistreatment of a race that did not ask or even desire to reside in this country. Yet, they still wear their ugly face of racism, and discrimination, and only seek to segregate African Americans, as if they were at fault. Americans may argue Blacks shouldn’t be complaining, whining, and to pull themselves up by their boot straps. Well, Martin Luther King once said â€Å"White America wants us to pull ourselves up from our boot straps, but we don’t have any boots†. (Shuttlesworth, Fred, 1999, A Fire You Can’t Put Out). The U. S. government has a moral responsibility to this race of people to compensate, African American’s because they were denied their heritage, religion, family, and culture. America alleges it is a religious-based country and their faith resides in God. The bible says: â€Å"If a man steal an ox, or a sheep, and kill it, or sell it; he shall restore five oxen for an ox, and four sheep for a sheep. † This country consistently contradicts itself in the way it wants to be perceived. If America has any belief in God, they should feel an obligation to compensate the African American descendants of slave ancestors. (Exodus 22, Bible). Pongee Bryant White Americans may argue that the country did enough when it passed the Civil Rights Act in 1960. They may also state America has enough resources and equal opportunity for each individual of every race to succeed. However, there is a huge wealth gap in social status among blacks and whites mostly because of oppression, discrimination and racism toward the modern day contemporary black. Whether anybody wants to admit it, there is still a glass ceiling (i. e. ,a status barrier) against African Americans. Reparations would bring African Americans justice and economic power in this country. There are numerous black reparation organizations which could receive the money and distribute it evenly among African Americans, to incorporate black-owned businesses, home ownership, and better education selective for young and old blacks. These reparation organizations could also invest money into smaller black-owned businesses, and other industries that would further the African American race, and ensure a rapid growth of African American middle-class and beyond. (Robert J. Brym/ John Lie, Sociology) The exploitation of African Americans in this country took on many forms through decades. The centuries of slavery in this country laid the foundation of our current relationship to America. From cotton fields to building America’s most significant buildings African Americans have helped build the wealth in this country. Yet, the African American race has endured the most terrorism from the Ku Klux Klan, lynchings, plantation jails, police torture and murder, and poverty. Slavery was a crime against humanity; and it still is in existence in many other ways and forms. America has created a system with, voter discrimination, drugs, and drug sentences to keep the African Pongee Bryant American man enslaved. The government should compensate the African American race and put an end to a never-ending oppression cycle. The government of the United States of America was instrumental in having pressured the German and Japanese governments into the payments of reparations to the people who suffered and survived the crimes and legacy of slavery endured during World War II. The government of the United States has also already paid reparations to the Japanese-Americans who were detained in concentration camps during World War II. America calls herself a fair nation: a civilized country which respects civil and human rights, encourages opportunity for and well-being of all her people, and can be trusted by other nations as a county whom honors her word. Well, America promised African Americans 40 acres and a mule and didn’t live up to her promise. America’s attitude and silence on reparations reeks of hypocrisy. (X, Malcolm, Biography of Malcolm X). America should also pay reparations to African Americans because they consistently want us to labor for their work and take all the credit. For instance America is at fault for African American dead and injured men who served and were drafted in the Vietnam War. America put young black men on the front-line of a war they had nothing to do with nor helped contribute to. America wanted a race that was not yet â€Å"capable† of voting but was competent enough to fight in a war. A race that did not have the option of drinking from any fountain, sitting anywhere on a bus, using any bathroom, however we were fit for fighting. The point is America constantly benefits from African Americans, but refuses to compensate African Americans for their contributions to this country. (www. AcedemicLibrary. com).

The character and actions of Romeo and Juliets Nurse in Act essays

The character and actions of Romeo and Juliets Nurse in Act essays In this scene Nurse has three main goals. First, she wants to convey her message to Romeo: not to mess around with Juliet. Second, she wants to maintain some vestiges of dignity in front of Romeos mercilessly tormenting friends. Finally, she wants some news from Romeo to satisfy Juliet, i.e. a wedding tomorrow. Nurse wants to make sure Romeo understands that Juliet, who is from a good family, and has protectors, will not stand for any ill-treatment. The kindly nurse doesnt want her charges heart broken at age fourteen. In addition, she wants to keep her wits about her in front of the Montagues. She doesnt like them, and attempts to show them up by using fancy (incomprehensible) language, and ordering Peter around. Nurse wants Juliet to stop annoying her about Romeo, and to assure Juliet (and herself?) that Romeos intentions are honorable. Nurses primary obstacle in this scene is her own dim-witted attempt at using erudite language (at which she fails miserably). She is almost unable to communicate her message to Romeo, her word usage is so convoluted. This issue also makes it difficult for her to appear intelligent, elegant and dignified in front of Romeos wiser friends. Not only are her communication deficiencies evident in her own messages, they are apparent in her interpretation of Romeos speech. She very nearly delivers the wrong message to Juliet! Obviously, Nurse never confronts this obstacle. Romeo often has to question her interpretation of his messages to Juliet, but she seems unaware of her linguistic flaws. Benvolio makes fun of the nurses language usage when he says she will indite him to some supper (2.4) instead of invite. She is unable to make Juliets message to Romeo clear, using deal double and sententious instead of double deal and sentence ...

102 Week 7 Journal Response Professor Ramos Blog

102 Week 7 Journal Response This week we looked at monster reviews, analyzing monsters, library research, and Frankenstein to name a few. You have started to research your monsters, so this is a great opportunity to look up modern representations of your monster, and even reviews of the monster representation you are looking at. What was the critical and popular reception to your monsters, both when it came out and a modern day version? Requirements are still the same. About 250 words, summary and response to the article/post/news/etc; aka text. Comment below with a link to the text and your summary and response.

Early Childhood Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Early Childhood Learning - Essay Example The third part will summarize some of the commentaries on the controversy and finally the conclusion will discuss which if any view is correct, and the importance of the controversy at hand. In an experiment conducted by Booth and Waxman (2002), a group of three years old children were subject to the same objects which were separated into two groups, either as animate objects or artifacts. When some of the objects with eyes on them, which are strong perceptual cues to animacy, and the objects were presented as artifacts, the children characterized them as artifacts. This shows that even in the face of strong perceptual gestures, conceptual information still aids the process of word learning in childhood, a view that contradicts the Attentional Learning Account view. Something which sparked a number of responses and different interpretations to this experiment but which face certain difficulties that further support the view that conceptual information does have a role in early word learning. First it was noted that both conc... s, in what sense then is perceptual information immune to conceptual information This simply means that if two factors affect the same variable, the only way one of the factors can be immune to the other is if one of them does not have an effect at all on the variable, something that the experiment mentioned above excludes. Second it was claimed by the Attentional Learning Account that perceptual information contributes directly to word learning unaided by any conceptual information; the experiment shows however that perceptual learning can be aided by conceptual information in a way that can change the outcome of the experiment. A special case of these two different views will be taken into account; namely the disagreement about the shape bias. The controversy over the role of conceptual learning in early word learning for children has initiated the shape bias controversy; briefly stated it is an implication of the two views outlined above. On the one hand the proponents of the Attentional Learning Account claim that shape bias does not emerge until infants are able to distinguish at least 50 nouns which is in line with the claim they support that conceptual knowledge is only available much later. On the other hand Booth and Waxman have shown with an experiment they conducted with 18 to 22 months old children with vocabulary that does not exceed 18 nouns that these children have extended their uses of words on the basis of shape. This experiment thus interpreted challenges the whole of the Attentional Learning Account proponents. In a paper in the Developmental Science journal, Booth and Waxman have shown experiments in support of the Attentional Learning Account view and have tried to show that they can be interpreted in a way that does not do any harm to their view

Four pillars of a hyper-social organization Essay

Four pillars of a hyper-social organization - Essay Example The four pillars are based on the need to abandon concepts that were applicable in the previous marketplace, but can be harmful when held onto during hyper-social strategy development. Essentially, the theme of the four pillars theory is addition by subtraction, as the elimination of outdated beliefs will only help to strengthen the development of appropriate hyper-social business strategies. The four pillars approach states that four ideas need to be forgotten: market segmentation, company centricity, processes/hierarchies, and discrete information channels. Each of these previously integral guidelines have been compromised by the development of hyper-social societies. Market segments are no longer relevant as groups have become associated in non-traditional ways, such as due to ideological beliefs (Gaines & Mondak, 2009), that require the focus to shift from the behaviour of markets to the behaviour of people. Accordingly, the next pillar requires businesses to change their operations to be human-centric as opposed to the traditional company-centered structure. Lastly, information channels have become similarly irrelevant due to the vast availability of information through group resources, and structure in general has become unrealistic as a characteristic principle of socially-influenced

Umbrella Clauses in Bilateral investement Treaties & Comparison Essay

Umbrella Clauses in Bilateral investement Treaties & Comparison between ICSID, UNCITRAL and ICC - Essay Example Put another way, the main question is whether or not the umbrella clause renders a breach of an investment contract a treaty claim.3 A review of previous arbitration decisions on the issue have produced mixed results. It would appear that with contradictory rulings on the matter, umbrella clauses can sometimes be effective for resolving disputes arising out of investment contracts concluded under the authority of BITs. Wong argues however that, contradictory rulings only serve to nullify umbrella contracts and thus render them ineffective as a means of resolving disputes arising out of an investment contract.4 This paper evaluates umbrella clauses with a view to determining whether or not a rule of law can be identified in the jurisprudence pointing to the when and how umbrella clauses can be used effectively to resolve disputes arising out of an investment contract. Case Law Consistency in arbitration decisions is an allusive concept due to the fact that arbitration panels are forme d specifically for a case. As a result, panels do not sit consistently and therefore they do not have the persistent experience and consistency that court appointed judges may have and usually accumulate. Moreover, international arbitration does not have a hierarchal structure in which appeals can be heard by a higher arbitration panel for the purpose of establishing or clarifying a rule of law. In the meantime, arbitration decisions are usually heard in private, and where they are published and shared, publication is delayed and highly selective. For example, the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) only publishes 12% of its cases and even then, the case is only reported three years after the award is given (Guillaume, 2011).5 Therefore in evaluating case law in international commercial arbitration, it is difficult to know with any degree of reasonable certainty, what the actual jurisprudence is on a particular legal matter. The cases that are available reveal only limited juris prudence and any evaluation is therefore qualified by the fact, that a complete analysis of the legal rule is not possible. This analysis of the effectiveness of the umbrella clause for the resolution of disputes arising under an investment contract can only be determined on the basis of the available published arbitration cases. The first case of note is the 2003 case of SGS Societe Generale de Surveillance S.A. v Islamic Republic of Pakistan. This case involved a dispute which arose under a contract between Pakistan and Swiss company for the latter’s services as a shipment inspection agency. Pakistan terminated the contract later on and the Swiss company, relying on the BIT between Switzerland and Pakistan submitted the matter to arbitration and claimed that in addition to breaching the terms of the contract, Pakistan also violated its obligations under the BIT and especially the umbrella clause. Pakistan argued however that the dispute arose under an investment contract an d therefore the panel did not have jurisdiction over the matter.6 The arbitral panel ruled that the investment contract between Pakistan and the Swiss company predated the BIT and the applicability of the umbrella clause must be viewed in that light. In this regard, unless there was clear

Market Planning Essay Example for Free

Market Planning Essay Analysis 1. Introduction In 2001, Doole and Lowe defined the international marketing. In a simple class, international marketing involves the firm in making one or more marketing mix decisions across national boundaries. And in a complex class, it involves the firm in establishing manufacturing facilities overseas and coordinating marketing strategies across the globe (Doole Lowe, 2001). And Chong and Kasturiratne said that, â€Å"the world of marketing is a dynamic and very exciting one where decision making is at the heart of the marketing process. New markets are opening and old markets are evolving, bringing with them new competitors but also alliances (Chong Kasturiratn, 2009).† 2.1 Primark Background Primark is an interesting, amazing and growing company that gives customers with low-cost fashion clothing. It has a supply chain, which is very effective. The production link in China, India, Turkey, Bangladesh and other countries, with retail outlets in Ireland, the UK and other parts of Europe (Businesscasestudies, 2011). Primark is a global clothing retailer found in June 1969, and in Mary Street, Dublin, the first Penneys store opened. The developing speed is fast, from 1969 to 2012, there are 38 stores in Ireland, 35 stores in Spain, 161 stores in UK, 4 stores in Netherlands, 6 stores in Portugal, 9 stores in Germany, 1 store in Belgium and 2stores in Austria. In total, there are 256 stores all over the world (Primark, 2012). The slogan of Primark is style, quality and affordable prices all rolled into one at Primark. And the key principle of Primark is to provide the consumers with low-coat fashion items. The target consumer is the people who has fashion thinking and want to save money. By using the way of sourcing productions efficiently, making clothing with easy design, using local raw material, paying attention to the mass size and speeding less on advertisement, the operating of Primark is efficient. 1.2 Chinese fast fashion According to Barnes and Lea-Greenwood, fast fashion is a kind of marketing strategy. When the demand of consumers touches a top value, to satisfy this peak, the purpose of fast fashion is to reduce involved processes in the buying cycle and save times for delivering new fashion productions into stores (Barnes Lea-Greenwood, 2006). In recent times, fast fashion developed very fast, it become an emerging market for the whole world, In China, Fast Fashion brands are now learning that the speed of bringing a new style to market is secondary to the speed of reaching the market at all (Poleg, 2012). 2. Analysis 2.1 PEST analysis If an organization want to enter a new market, before the beginning of the process, PEST analysis is very important. The PEST analysis is an efficient tool to understand the market. The factors include political, economic, social-cultural, and technological. Political: The political factor has a big influence on the business. In the year of 2012, the political environment is stable, though it is the time that China’s leader will change from Jintao Hu to Jinping Xi. As one of China’s fundamental political system, the multi-party cooperation system identifies the status and functions of the CPC and the eight other political parties in the political life of the state, and the relations between the parties (U.S. State Department, 2012). And the Chinese government consists of a system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the CPC. The system ensures that the CPC is the only party in power in the Peoples Republic of China (Fogel, 2010). So even though the leader changed, the policy will change limited in the future. And at the same year, the Chinese government has put forward the 12th five year plan. In the twelfth chapter, there is a plan to improve the level of opening up, in order to make a win-win situation. That policy may be good for Primark’s entry to Beijing’s market. Economic: In recent years, as the result of successful economic reform and nimble marketing strategy, Beijing’s rag trade is becoming prosperous. GDP is becoming higher and higher, so the consumer awareness of people who living in Beijing is stronger than the past time. Rag trade in the Beijing is a big market ranked thirty-sixth (Wang Zhao, 2012). With the reform and open and the developing of economics, china is the biggest clothing industry and brand development all over the world. Beijing is a city of big consumption for clothing, there is more than 60 percent foreign clothing investment in Beijing. According to the Beijing statistical bureau’s data, in the year of 2011, the disposable incom e of each Beijing resident is increased 13.2 percent, consumer spending of each is increased 10.3 percent. And for the clothing spending is increased 8.5 percent, which occupy the whole spending 10.3 percent. Last year, the spending on clothing is 46.92 billion. And it occupies 22.6 percent for the last year in the shopping mall (Beijing business information consultation center, 2012). And for the economic growing, it is do a high speed of China’s developing in the past 10 years. GDP is 47156.4 billion, it increased 9.2 percent, and the expert forecast the date will be increased more than 12%. China’s clothing market is very huge, in the year of 2011, the sales volume of transnational clothing corporation is 5700 million, and the sales volume of shopping center is 2340 million (We the financial channel, 2012). Economic globalization has become the trend of world economic development. In the year of 2012, there are 1419 new foreign investments have been approved in Beijing. The growth year-on-year is 3.73%. The total investment of new established enterprise is 4.109 billion dollars, and the growth year-on-year is 92.05% (China industry research, 2012). Social: Beijing is the capital of China, so Beijing is the center of political, culture, science and technology, and diplomacy activity. The culture of clothing has a long history in here, there is strength in the culture deposits and arts and humanities. At the same time, Beijing is the center of national minority, it can sufficiently shows the glamour of brand. Beijing is the economical center of northern part of China, there is a vast potential for future development. Nowadays, the developing speed of Beijing’s economic is very fast, followed, the values and taste are changed, too. The demand of new clothing, new brand, and new style is the key point. There is a big latent purchasing power on the people who come from other places. After reform and open up, people travel to Beijing, people work in Beijing, people settle in Beijin g. International stars, HK, Macao and Taiwan compatriots, artists, and famous people, they all like to go to Beijing. All of these make a good foundation for the clothing development. As the capital of China, Beijing is the center of international communication. There are a large number of embassies, trade delegations, and foreign institutions. A lot of meetings in Beijing, China International Clothing and Accessories Fair are now the largest fashion fair in China and it stands for the authority level in China. The clothing market in Beijing contains top grade brand shopping mall, brand shop, boutique, exclusive shop, and supermarket, all of these make a system that good for new brand located. Technological: In Beijing, people can easy to get information and there is strength for the textile industry—update the technology and imported technology is convenience. So Beijing’s rag trade can follow the international fashion. The development of high technology makes Beijing’s market climb a high level. And there are some top-ranking clothing universities in Beijing, such as Beijing Institute of Fashion, Tsinghua University and China Academy of Art, and so on. There are 10 universities focus on clothing, they make high level talents for design, management and sales, which improve the Beijing’s rag trade. 2.2 Michael Porter Five Forces Analysis Suppliers bargaining power: A producing industry requires raw materials-labor, components, and other supplies. This requirement leads to buyer-supplier relationship between the industry and the firms that provide it the raw materials used to create products. Suppliers, if powerful, can exert an influence on the producing industry (Quick MBA, 2010). As we mentioned in the Primark background, the first supplier is China, the credible forward integration threat by suppliers, suppliers concentrated, significant cost to switch suppliers and customers powerful make the suppliers are powerful. Primark sell in bulk, and have a mandatory requirement. Primarks Supplier Code of Conduct is a mandatory requirement within which its suppliers work. It incorporates the United Nations Charter, Chapter IX, article 55 and is subject to strict and ongoing audits conducted by third parties (Primark, 2012). Primark takes this Code of Conduct very seriously and its management board reviews it regularly. But there is exiting a problem, which is the increasing cost of raw material. Because of the decreasing cotton cultivation makes the cotton price increased in China. So Primark should pay attention to the relationship with suppliers caused by price increasing. Buyer bargaining power: Buyer concentration versus firm concentration refers to the extent of concentration in the buyer’s industry compared to the extent of concentration in business. The more concentrated the buyer’s industry relative to business the greater the bargaining power of buyers (Lima, 2006). By the late 90’s, Chinese rag trade stepped into the buyer’s market. There is no definite brand and positioning, the increasing of productive power is faster than the increasing of order quantity. The competitors always win by low-cost. And for the targeting group of Primark is young people, there are a few buyers with significant market share and they possess a credible backward integration threat, so the bargaining power of consumers is high. Potential new entrants: The rag trade has low barriers to entry, and in theory, any form should be able to enter and exit a market, and if free entry and exit exists, then profits always should be nominal (Quick MBA, 2010). So, although the rag trade is easy to enter, there is exiting so many competitors. If Primark want to get the profits, it should have its own characteristics and build its own brand name. Like Lima said â€Å"Brand identity is the extent to which buyers take the brand name into account when making purchase decisions (Lima, 2006).† Threat of Substitutes: In Porter’s model, threat of substitutes is caused by the products in other industries. The price change of the substitutes can affect the product’s demand. But clothing is essential for people, it is difficult to find a substitute for clothing. But the consumers in current time, the function of clothing is not only kept warm, but also to follow fashion. So some consumer changes their attention to cosmetic and jewelry. Therefore, the threat of substitutes is high The rivalry among competing sellers: Primark’s main competitors are HM, ZARA, GAP, UNIQLO and other fast fashion brand. From a macroscopic analysis, there is no different between the competitors. But from the microcosmic, the price strategy of low-cost is an advantage point. So the threat of competitors is high and fierce. When Primark face to the competitors, it should improve the product differentiation, creatively use a distribution channel and improve the relationship with supp liers. 2.3 SWOT analysis A scan of the internal and external environment is an important part of the strategic planning process. Environmental factors internal to the firm usually can be classified as strengths (S) or weaknesses (W), and those external to the form can be classified as opportunities (O) or threats (T). Such an analysis is referred to as a SWOT analysis (Quick MBA, 2010). Strengths: Primark has confirmed the market of goal and brand name. It comes from Europe and it is easy to develop in Beijing. And the style of clothing is prevailing with low price. It is easy to find factory to produce productions. The brand is fits for the youth to follow fashion and fits for their purchasing power. And it has a good industry chain. Weakness: Primark does not familiar with the market in Beijing, and Chinese consumer does not know the brand. Other fast fashion settle in Beijing early, and they occupy the market. Opportunities: There will be plenty of space for new brand to grow. There is a high purchasing power in Beijing’s market. The education of Beijing is high and people can accept new things. Threats: The culture, policy and human are totally different from Europe, these make difficult to entry. And some competitors have settled in Beijing a few years age, how to attract consumers and how to build brand name is the first problem. - Strategy Development 2 STP Analysis In the marketing theory, segmentation, targeting and positioning are the factors of company marketing strategies. When Primark enters Beijing’s market, it will face to thousands of consumers. The consumer psychology, consumption habit and income level are different. By analysis the strategies factors, we can know which way fits for the Primark in Beijing. 3.1 Segmentation Geographical factors In Beijing’s market, we divide the geographical factors into two parts, one is city consumer, and another is rural consumer. For the city consumer, they need the clothing style full of modern and the productions can follow the fashion trend. For the rural consumer, they focus on the practicability of the productions, and pay less attention to the appearance. Demographic factors A).Gender: The demand for clothing is different between men and women, women have a high demand for the appearance of the clothing, and men pay attention to the style and practicability. B).Age: Different age stay in the different level. The young people and students in school are the main consumer group. Based on some researches, the people whose age between 18 and 35 is a big consumer group, they hold the 50% of the clothing market, and there are only 19% held by the age of 40. The young people is the leading group for the fast fashion, different consumer group has its different consumption level. At present, the consumer of high-end expensive and of high quality is 0.6% for the Beijing’s market. And middle class is 70-75% (EFU, 2012). Psychological factors In Beijing’s market, we divide the psychological factors into five parts. Price| For this group, the first consideration is price. The income drives the purchasing power.| Quality| The consumers pay attention to the quality of the clothing, hats, shoes or bags.| Service| This group pays attention to the pre-sale services and after-sale services. They need high service system.| Fashion| The consumers love to follow the fashion trend and the renewal and replacement is fast.| Luxurious| They pursue the highest price, and they need satisfaction from shopping. Behavior factors For the confirmedly brand buyer, they only buy one brand, never considering to buy other brand, the purchasing pattern is A.A.A.A.A.A. For the middle brand buyer, they will buy the production from several brands, the purchasing pattern is A.A.B.B.A.A. For the shift brand buyer, they change their mind from one brand to another, it means they have no loyalty for one brand, the purchasing pattern is A.A.A.B.B.B. For the no loyal brand buyer, they do not have the favorite brand and do not care the brand, the purchasing pattern is A.C.E.B.D.B. 3.2 Targeting After analysis the Segmentation, The target group of Primark is the young people who have higher education in Beijing, because the characteristic of this group is the convergence of purchasing. They may be come from different city, have different personality, but they are in the golden age, they listen to the same music, watch the same movie. Especially the developed internet, they can get the information and then synchronization with the world. So it makes Primark to choose the undifferentiated marketing. Primark enters Beijing’s market, it can use the same production, the same price and the same selling way, but it should make a new business strategy to Beijing’s consumer. 3.3 Positioning When Primark enters Beijing, the first consideration of position is competitors. The tentative competitors in Beijing are HM, ZARA, GAP and UNIQLO. Product- positioning map 1 In fact, the productions of Primark have a competitive advantage on the price, but it will lose in the popularity of brand. Therefore we should pay attention to build the brand name. Then the Primark can attract more potential consumers (middle shift brand buyer). High popularity with low price Product- positioning map 2 For the entering of Beijing, one thing is difficult to change, that is equipment. The quality level is similar, and then Primark must put itself into a high service. As known, the shop of fast fashion is self-service just like supermarket. So Primark should improve service and then establish a good presence in Beijing’s market. Primark’s clothing is full of British style, the selling point is designed in British, and then the brand value in Beijing could be higher than the value in UK. And based on the price in the UK, Primark’s strategic positioning is middle class in Beijing. The middle class can help Primark to establish brand image and keep it have a long future. 3 Entry modes analysis When a company entry a new market, there are two major modes: they are equity mode and non-equity mode. The equity mode comprises joint venture and wholly owned subsidiaries, and non-equity mode comprises export and licensing. And the main purpose of each company is to establish itself in the aim market (Zekiri, 2012). According to Charles, no matter which entry mode the company chooses, it has implications for how much resources the company must commit to its foreign operations, the risk that the company must take, and the degree of control that the company can exercise over the operations on the new market (Charles, et al., 2011). The following tables will analysis the four entry way, and the factors that influence the entry mode, then we will know which way should chosen by Primark. Exporting Licensing Joint Ventures Direct Investment Factors that influence the entry mode Based on above analysis, we can see the country risk is low in Beijing’s market, and the polity and economy are stable recently in China, for these factories, exporting and Joint Ventures do not fit for Primark’s entry. Furthermore, Primark in the UK’s market, brand name has been built. It owns a lot of consumers not only in UK, but also in Europe. So the international experience is experienced. Finally, for the reason of big firm resources, experience abroad, low local market risk and a little intensity of the competition, it seems the most adapted for Primark entering in Beijing is direct investment. The direct investment, it may bring pressure to the investment and the company may take more risk. But the cost of the clothing is low, and the labor cost in China is lower than UK. The productions of Primark follow the fashion trends, which need the company uses the short time to produce, transport, and product release in the first time. Building the factory in Be ijing can satisfy the need of market. At the same time, Primark can catch the Beijing’s fashion trend, which makes the production diversification. IMPLEMENTATION 5. 7P marketing mix Booms and Bitner suggested that adding three factories in the marketing theory of 4Ps in the year of 1981 (MATT, 2012), the three factories are People, Process and Physical Evidence. In this section, we will use the marketing theory of 7Ps to analysis the implementation of Primark. 5.1 Product The marketing theory of 4Ps is leaded by the product, and Primark do well in product, there are two aspects to show the Primark’s product structure. A) From Primark’s website (2012) we know, there are three clothing style in Primark, they are menswear, womenswear and childrenswear. The womenswear include four branches, the first is atmosphere, which is high fashion clothing for women, with a focus on key fashion trends, classic casuals, accessories and footwear; the second is DENIM, which contain all the fashion style of pants; the third one is secret possessions, which is a branch to Primark’s underwear for women, from underclothes multipacks, to individual items and nightwear; and the fourth one is backswing, which is a sports branch with the emphasis on technical functionality. According to the Primark’s website (2012), the style for men is enough to male consumer. Primark has the clothing style for all occasions, consumer can buy everything from the formal one to the casual one. All of these make the Primark’s product structure complete, give a lot of choice for different consumer, and let each consumer have a good shopping experience. B) The quantity of each clothing is every huge, as Primark said â€Å"we buy and sell in bulk Primark has over 230 stores in Ireland, the United Kingdom, The Netherlands, Spain, Germany, Portugal and Belgium.† The huge quantity satisfies the demand from the new market. 5.2 Price The strategy Primark used is low cost strategy. The target group is young people with higher education, their age between from 18 to 35. They have the purchasing power for the fashion trend, but they do not have the power to purchase the luxury. So the price can satisfy the demand of this group. When Primark entry Beijing’ market, it will use the same price strategy. As Zollinger said â€Å"prices that already exist in the subjective memory of consumers (Zollinger, 2011).† When a consumer choose a goods, if the performance, appearance and value are similar, one factor should considered by the consumer is the price. For long term thinking, the price is interrelated with sales. The low price could be got a higher level of the sales in the new market; and if the sales have risen, it can drive the financial income increase; the competition will face the austere market; the low price discourages the potential competition; and finally market does not allow a high price in the same level (Danciu, 2001). 5.3 Promotion and Place When a company entries a new market, an important point is promotion. There are 5 aspects of promotion. They are advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, public relations and direct marketing. But in fact, according to Primark’s website (2012), it said that Primark has no advertising costs, instead relying on their customers â€Å"advertising on mouth (word of mouth)† about their products. But the competitors like HM, GAP and UNIQLO pay much attention to the advertising and designing. There are three main ways of Primark’s communications. The first is mentioned in the website â€Å"word of mouth†. The second is the product structure of Primark, which is the fashion design, diverse style with low price to attract the consumer. The third is the geographical position. Primark always set the shop in the city center or the bustling shopping mall. Although the rental cost is much higher than other competitors, Primark always give consumer a good shopping experience. However the shopping experience is different from Europe to China. Advertisements surround Chinese everywhere they go. Based on my personal experience, a good advertisement will attract me to try new product. According to Carl Hose, the purpose of advertisement is to sell the product. It is a communication of one-way form from company to consumer, and it will give consumers the important information to make a buying decision and attracting new consumers. It tells consumers about the products and how to get it. The purpose of advertising is to sell products and to build brand name (Carl Hose, Demand Media, 2011). Consequently, when Primark entry Beijing’s market, it need advertising to build the brand name at first time, and then it can use the promotion used in Europe. At the same time, Primark should keep the low price strategy and set the shop in the city center. 5.4 People When Primark entry to Beijing’s market, if it wants to move forward, the management should knows what has to be achieved, departments should know their role and stuff should know their goals. And they all should know what the consumers need. For Primark, it should hire the people who study abroad. Because they are familiar the behavior and thinking mode of Chinese cultural tradition, they can easily communicate and cooperate with the stuff, and make the management more effective. At the same time, the hired people got the western educations, they understand the western way of dealing problems and behaviors, and they can understand and implement foreign bosss management concept. So, these people have important function to deal the culture conflict, promotion to cooperate effectively (Sun, 2010). 5.5 Process and Physical Evidence The service is an essential point for the Primark entry the new market. It can build the brand name, at the same time, it can keep the consumers. Like James A Karl said that service good in an operation will greatly help in attracting new customers and the amazing consumer service can keep the consumer coming back. This is indeed a fact because people like to do business with the people who they trust and had a good experience (Karl, 2007). Conclusion and Critical Reflection 6. Conclusion and critical reflection After the Pestle and Porter five forces analysis in the first section, Primark seems to ready to entry Beijing’s market. But no one can predict the future and the condition of Beijing’s market is changing every time. For entry, the strong new market can help Primark to develop itself, at the same time, the new market may be weaken the brand name of Primark. Though the situation is good for Primark’s entry, it is an armchair strategist. There are so many problems we cannot consider, such as financial crisis, the changing of price and the changing of exchange rate. Primark’s strategy positioning is middle class in Beijing, and the target group is the people who have higher education, using the direct investment with low cost strategy. But the strategy cannot force the competitors, the success of Primark in Europe is decided by the strategy used in the UK’s market, and Primark has experience to face the competitors, but Chinese condition is different f rom Europe. Another problem is the cognize of price in China, Chinese always think the high price is equal to high quality, and low price is equal to low quality. So the effectiveness of low price strategy is worrying. And there are two problems we should consider, one is money, another is store. Because the direct investment, it will cost a large number of money. And the store should build in bustling street, but the Beijing’s bustling shopping mall seems in a situation of saturated. When Primark set in Beijing’s market, the 7P analysis is a basic for implementation. But the development of Primark should change the idea with the changing of each factor from 7P. When Primark face to the new market, the new policy, the new consumers, all the analysis engage in idle theorizing. Reference Barnes, L. Lea-Greenwood, G., (2006). Fast fashioning the supply chain: shaping. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, 3 10, pp. 259-271. Beijing business information consultation center, (2012). The 2011 Beijing clothing market scale, expanding department store is still the main channel clothing sales. 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